Demonstrate an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of various study designs, including the randomized clinical trial and case control, cohort, cross sectional studies, meta analysis, and N of one trials.

Demonstrate an understanding of null and alternative hypotheses.

Demonstrate an understanding of the practical and ethical ramifications of implied and non-implied consent as they apply to hospital and pre-hospital research.

Understand the differences between interval, ordinal, nominal, parametric, and non-parametric data.

Understand the differences between independent and dependent variables.

Demonstrate an understanding of methodologies and variable types analyzed by the following statistical tests: t test, analysis of variance, chi square, Fischer exact test, and non-parametric tests for interval and nominal data.

Demonstrate an understanding of the terms "paired" and "tailed" (one and two).

Demonstrate an understanding of type I and type II errors as they relate to sample size and variance.

Demonstrate an understanding of alpha, beta, and statistical power.

Demonstrate an understanding of the differences between statistical and clinical significance.

Define sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value.

Define pre test probability, post test probability, likelihood ratio and understand how to use likelihood nomogram.

Define absolute risk, relative risk, absolute risk reduction, relative risk reduction and number needed to treat.

Define kappa.

Describe the concept of intention to treat.

Define mean, median, mode, standard deviation, and variance.

Demonstrate an understanding of confidence intervals.

Describe correlation and regression to the mean.

Discuss the advantages of single and double blind studies and the concept of bias.

Understand the concept of power.